Events

• 597 BC – Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king.

• 37 – Caligula becomes Roman Emperor after the death of his great uncle, Tiberius.

• 1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.

• 1322 – The Battle of Boroughbridge takes place in the Despenser Wars.

• 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines.

• 1621 – Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them, "Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset."

• 1660 – The Long Parliament disbands.

• 1689 – The 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers is founded.

• 1792 – King Gustav III of Sweden is shot; he dies on March 29.

• 1802 – The Army Corps of Engineers is established to found and operate the United States Military Academy at West Point.

• 1812 – Battle of Badajoz (March 16 – April 6) – British and Portuguese forces besiege and defeat French garrison during Peninsular War.

• 1815 – Prince Willem of the House of Orange-Nassau proclaims himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the first constitutional monarch in the Netherlands.

• 1818 – Second Battle of Cancha Rayada – Spanish forces defeat Chileans under José de San Martín.

• 1861 – Edward Clark becomes Governor of Texas, replacing Sam Houston, who was evicted from the office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy.

• 1865 – American Civil War: The Battle of Averasborough begins as Confederate forces suffer irreplaceable casualties in the final months of the war.

• 1872 – The Wanderers F.C. wins the first FA Cup, the oldest football competition in the world, beating Royal Engineers A.F.C. 1-0 at The Oval in Kennington, London.

• 1900 – Sir Arthur Evans purchases the land around the ruins of Knossos, the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete.

• 1912 – Lawrence Oates, an ill member of Scott's South Pole expedition leaves the tent saying, "I am just going outside and may be some time."

• 1916 – The 7th and 10th US cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the US-Mexico border to join the hunt for Pancho Villa.

• 1924 – In accordance with the Treaty of Rome, Fiume becomes annexed as part of Italy.

• 1926 – History of Rocketry: Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts.

• 1935 – Adolf Hitler orders Germany to rearm herself in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Conscription is reintroduced to form the Wehrmacht.

• 1939 – From Prague Castle, Hitler proclaims Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.

• 1939 – Marriage of Princess Fawzia of Egypt to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran.

• 1942 – The first V-2 rocket test launch. It explodes at lift-off.

• 1945 – World War II: The Battle of Iwo Jima ends but small pockets of Japanese resistance persist.

• 1945 – Ninety percent of Würzburg, Germany is destroyed in only 20 minutes by British bombers. 5,000 are killed.

• 1950 – Communist Czechoslovakia's ministry of foreign affairs asks nuncios of Vatican to leave the country.

• 1952 – In Cilaos, Réunion, of rain falls in one day, setting a new world record.

• 1958 – The Ford Motor Company produces its 50 millionth automobile, the Thunderbird, averaging almost a million cars a year since the company's founding.

• 1959 – EUROAVIA, the European Association of Aerospace students is founded, which is the very first initiative towards European cooperation in Aerospace.

• 1962 – A Flying Tiger Line Super Constellation disappears in the western Pacific Ocean, with 107 missing.

• 1963 – Mount Agung erupts on Bali killing 11,000.

• 1966 – Launch of Gemini 8, the 12th manned American space flight and first space docking with the Agena Target Vehicle.

• 1968 – Vietnam War: In the My Lai massacre, between 350 and 500 Vietnamese villagers (men, women, and children) are killed by American troops.

• 1968 – General Motors produces its 100 millionth automobile, the Oldsmobile Toronado.

• 1971 – Government of Trygve Bratteli in Norway.

• 1976 – British Prime Minister Harold Wilson resigns, citing personal reasons.

• 1977 – Assassination of Kamal Jumblatt the main leader of the anti-government forces in the Lebanese Civil War.

• 1978 – Former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro is kidnapped and is later killed by his captors.

• 1978 – Supertanker Amoco Cadiz splits in two after running aground on the Portsall Rocks, three miles off the coast of Brittany, resulting in the 5th-largest oil spill in history.

• 1983 – Demolition of the radio tower Ismaning, the last wooden radio tower in Germany.

• 1984 – William Buckley, the CIA station chief in Beirut, Lebanon, is kidnapped by Islamic fundamentalists and later dies in captivity.

• 1985 – Associated Press newsman Terry Anderson is taken hostage in Beirut. He is released on December 4, 1991.

• 1988 – Iran-Contra Affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States.

• 1988 – Halabja poison gas attack: The Kurdish town of Halabjah in Iraq is attacked with a mix of poison gas and nerve agents, killing 5000 people and injuring about 10000 people.

• 1995 – Mississippi formally ratifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was officially ratified in 1865.

• 1998 – Pope John Paul II asks God for forgiveness for the inactivity and silence of some Roman Catholics during the Holocaust.

• 2005 – Israel officially hands over Jericho to Palestinian control.

Births

• 1338 – Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (d. 1401)

• 1445 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born preacher (d. 1510)

• 1473 – Henry IV the Pious, Duke of Saxony (d. 1541)

• 1581 – Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian and writer (d. 1647)

• 1585 – Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero, Dutch writer (d. 1618)

• 1631 – René Le Bossu, French critic (d. 1680)

• 1654 – Andreas Acoluthus, German orientalist (d. 1704)

• 1687 – Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen consort in Prussia (d. 1757)

• 1750 – Caroline Herschel, German-born astronomer (d. 1848)

• 1751 – James Madison, 4th President of the United States (d. 1836)

• 1773 – Juan Ramón Balcarce, Argentine military leader and politician (d. 1836)

• 1774 – Captain Matthew Flinders, English explorer (d. 1814)

• 1789 – Georg Simon Ohm, German physicist (d. 1854)

• 1794 – Ami Boué, Austrian geologist (d. 1881)

• 1797 – Alaric Alexander Watts, English poet and journalist (d. 1864)

• 1800 – Emperor Ninko of Japan (d. 1846)

• 1805 – Peter Ernst von Lasaulx, German philosopher and writer (d. 1861)

• 1822 – Rosa Bonheur, French realist painter and sculptor (d. 1899)

• 1834 – James Hector, Scottish geologist (d. 1907)

• 1839 – René François Armand Sully-Prudhomme, French writer and Nobel laureate (d. 1907)

• 1839 – John Butler Yeats, Northern Irish artist (d. 1922)

• 1840 – Shibusawa Eiichi, Japanese industrialist (d. 1931)

• 1845 – Umegatani Tōtarō I, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 15^th Yokozuna (d. 1928)

• 1846 – Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Swedish mathematician (d. 1927)

• 1846 – Jurgis Bielinis, Lithuanian book-smuggler (d. 1918)

• 1851 – Martinus Beijerinck, Dutch microbiologist and botanist (d. 1931)

• 1856 – Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial, only child of Emperor Napoleon III of France (d. 1879)

• 1857 – Charles Harding Firth, British historian (d. 1936)

• 1859 – Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Russian physicist (d. 1906)

• 1865 – Patsy Donovan, American baseball player (d. 1953)

• 1869 – F. A. Forbes, Scottish author (d. 1936)

• 1871 – Hans Merensky, South African geologist and philanthropist (d. 1951)

• 1877 – Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iranian shah (d. 1944)

• 1878 – Clemens August Graf von Galen, German archbishop and cardinal (d. 1946)

• 1889 – Reggie Walker, South African athlete (d. 1951)

• 1890 – Solomon Mikhoels, Soviet actor and chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (d. 1948)

• 1892 – James Petrillo, American president of the musicians union (d. 1984)

• 1892 – César Vallejo, Peruvian poet (d. 1938)

• 1897 – Conrad Nagel, American actor (d. 1970)

• 1883 – Ethel Anderson, Australian poet (d. 1958)

• 1901 – Edward Pawley, American actor (d. 1988)

• 1901 – Potti Sreeramulu, an Indian revolutionary (d. 1952)

• 1902 – Leon Roppolo, American jazz clarinetist (d. 1943)

• 1903 – Mike Mansfield, American politician, and diplomat (d. 2001)

• 1905 – Elisabeth Flickenschildt, German actress (d. 1977)

• 1905 – Marlin Perkins, American naturalist (d. 1986)

• 1906 – Francisco Ayala, Spanish writer (d. 2009)

• 1906 – Henny Youngman, American comedian (d. 1998)

• 1908 – René Daumal, French writer (d. 1944)

• 1908 – Robert Rossen, American film director, screenwriter and producer (d. 1966)

• 1911 – Pierre Harmel, Belgian politician (d. 2009)

• 1911 – Josef Mengele, German physician and SS officer (d. 1979)

• 1912 – Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (d. 1993)

• 1916 – Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (d. 2004)

• 1916 – Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Japanese Businessman, and Survivor of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bombings (d.2010)

• 1917 – Samael Aun Weor, Colombian writer (d. 1977)

• 1917 – Louis C. Wyman, American politician (d. 2002)

• 1918 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1998)

• 1920 – John Addison, British composer (d. 1998)

• 1920 – Dorothea Binz, Nazi war criminal (d. 1947)

• 1920 – Sid Fleischman, American author

• 1920 – Traudl Junge, German secretary to Adolf Hitler (d. 2002)

• 1920 – Leo McKern, Australian actor (d. 2002)

• 1922 – Harding Lemay, American television scriptwriter and playwright

• 1925 – Luis E. Miramontes, Mexican chemist (d. 2004)

• 1926 – Charles Goodell, American politician (d. 1987)

• 1926 – Jerry Lewis, American comedian

• 1927 – Vladimir Komarov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1967)

• 1927 – Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American senator (d. 2003)

• 1927 – Olga San Juan, American comedian (d. 2009)

• 1928 – Karlheinz Böhm, Austrian actor

• 1928 – Christa Ludwig, German mezzo-soprano

• 1928 – Wakanohana Kanji I, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 45^th Yokozuna

• 1929 – Nadja Tiller, Austrian actress

• 1930 – Tommy Flanagan, American jazz pianist (d. 2001)

• 1931 – Betty Johnson, American singer

• 1932 – Don Blasingame, American baseball player and manager (d. 2005)

• 1932 – Walter Cunningham, American astronaut

• 1932 – Kurt Diemberger, Austrian mountaineer

• 1932 – Baruch Modan, Israeli scientist (d. 2001)

• 1933 – Sandy Weill, American financier and philanthropist

• 1934 – Ray Hnatyshyn, Governor-General of Canada (d. 2002)

• 1935 – Teresa Berganza, Spanish soprano

• 1936 – Fred Neil, American singer-songwriter (d. 2001)

• 1936 – Raymond Vahan Damadian, Armenian American practitioner of MRI

• 1937 – Amos Tversky, Israeli psychologist (d. 1996)

• 1939 – Carlos Bilardo, Argetinian football coach

• 1940 – Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian film director

• 1940 – Jan Pronk, Dutch politician

• 1940 – Keith Rowe, English painter and guitarist (AMM)

• 1941 – Robert Guéï, ruler of Côte d'Ivoire (d. 2002)

• 1941 – Chuck Woolery, American game show host

• 1942 – Roger Crozier, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1996)

• 1942 – James Soong, Taiwanese politician

• 1942 – Jerry Jeff Walker, American musician

• 1943 – Ursula Goodenough, American biologist, zoologist, professor and author

• 1943 – Kim Mu-saeng, South Korean actor (d. 2005)

• 1946 – Michael Basman, English chess master

• 1946 – Hubert Soudant, Dutch conductor

• 1947 – Ramzan Paskayev, Chechen accordionist

• 1947 – Baek Yoon-sik, South Korean actor

• 1948 – Michael Bruce, American musician (Alice Cooper)

• 1948 – Richard Desjardins, Canadian singer, songwriter and film director

• 1948 – Margaret Weis, American author

• 1949 – Erik Estrada, Puerto Rican actor

• 1949 – Victor Garber, Canadian actor

• 1949 – Joe Pilato, Italian-American actor

• 1949 – Elliott Murphy, American Singer-Songwriter

• 1951 – Joe DeLamielleure, American football player

• 1951 – Kate Nelligan, Canadian actress

• 1952 – Philippe Kahn, French-born entrepreneur

• 1952 – Scott Simon, American journalist and radio personality

• 1953 – Isabelle Huppert, French actress

• 1953 – Richard Stallman, American free software activist

• 1954 – Jimmy Nail, British actor and singer

• 1954 – Nancy Wilson, American guitarist, singer and actress (Heart)

• 1955 – Bruno Barreto, Brazilian film director

• 1955 – Jiro Watanabe, Japanese boxer

• 1958 – Jorge Ramos, Mexican TV anchor

• 1958 – Kate Worley, American comic book writer (d. 2004)

• 1959 – Flavor Flav, American rapper, and reality tv star

• 1959 – Jens Stoltenberg, Prime Minister of Norway

• 1960 – Duane Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player

• 1961 – Brett Kenny, Australian rugby league footballer

• 1961 – Todd McFarlane, Canadian comic book artist, writer and media entrepreneur

• 1963 – Jimmy Degrasso, American musician (F5)

• 1963 – Kevin Smith, New Zealand actor (d. 2002)

• 1964 – Patty Griffin, American singer and songwriter

• 1964 – Pascal Richard, Swiss cyclist

• 1964 – Gore Verbinski, American movie director

• 1965 – Richard Daniel Roman, English songwriter and record producer

• 1965 – Belén Rueda, Spanish actress

• 1966 – Hans Peter Geerdes, German musician (Scooter)

• 1967 – Lauren Graham, American actress

• 1968 – Ananya Khare, Indian actress and teacher

• 1969 – Aggelos Koronios, Greek basketball coach and retired player

• 1970 – Joakim Berg, Swedish singer (Kent)

• 1970 – Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson, Icelandic singer, songwriter and disc jockey

• 1970 – Reynolds Wolf, American TV meteorologist and journalist

• 1971 – Alan Tudyk, American actor

• 1972 – Velibor Radovic, Serbian basketball player

• 1973 – Brant Bjork, American musician (Kyuss)

• 1974 – Georgios Anatolakis, Greek footballer

• 1974 – Fotini Vavatsi, Greek archer

• 1975 – Sienna Guillory, British actress

• 1976 – Abraham Núñez, Dominican baseball player

• 1976 – Paul Schneider, American actor

• 1976 – Nick Spano, American actor

• 1977 – Donal Óg Cusack, Irish hurler

• 1978 – Brooke Burns, American actress

• 1979 – Edison Méndez, Ecuadorian footballer

• 1979 – Rashad Moore, National Football League player

• 1979 – Leena Peisa, Finnish musician (Lordi)

• 1980 – Todd Heap, American football player

• 1980 – Felipe Reyes, Spanish basketball player

• 1981 – Andrew Bree, Irish swimmer

• 1981 – Curtis Granderson, American baseball player

• 1981 – Yoav Ziv, Israeli footballer

• 1982 – Riley Cote, Canadian hockey player

• 1983 – Brandon League, American baseball player

• 1983 – Tramon Williams, American football player

• 1984 – Levi Brown, American football player

• 1985 – Eddy Lover, Panamanian singer

• 1986 – Joe Denly, English cricketer

• 1986 – Ken Doane, American wrestler

• 1986 – T. J. Jordan, American basketball player

• 1986 – Nicole Trunfio, Australian supermodel

• 1987 – Tiiu Kuik, Estonian model

• 1989 – Blake Griffin, American basketball player

• 1989 – Theo Walcott, English footballer

• 1991 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician

Deaths

• 37 – Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar, Roman Emperor (b. 46 BC)

• 455 – Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor (b. 419)

• 455 – Heraclius, Western Roman courtier

• 1021 – Heribert of Cologne, Archbishop of Cologne and Chancellor of Emperor Otto III

• 1037 – Robert I, Archbishop of Rouen

• 1072 – Adalbert of Hamburg, German archbishop

• 1322 – Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, English soldier (b. 1276)

• 1410 – John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (b. 1373)

• 1457 – László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (b. 1433)

• 1485 – Anne Neville, queen of Richard III of England (b. 1456)

• 1559 – Anthony St. Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1496)

• 1649 – St. Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1593)

• 1620 – St. John Sarkander, Moravian priest, died of injuries caused by torturing (b. 1576)

• 1679 – John Leverett, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1616)

• 1721 – James Craggs the Elder, English politician (b. 1657)

• 1736 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (b. 1710)

• 1737 – Benjamin Wadsworth, President of Harvard University (b. 1670)

• 1738 – George Bähr, German architect (b. 1666)

• 1747 – Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (b. 1690)

• 1888 – Hippolyte Carnot, French statesman (b. 1801)

• 1890 – Zorka of Montenegro, Princess of Serbia (b. 1864)

• 1892 – Samuel F. Miller, American politician (b. 1827)

• 1898 – Aubrey Beardsley, British artist (b. 1872)

• 1899 – Joseph Medill, mayor of Chicago (b. 1823)

• 1903 – Roy Bean, American jurist

• 1914 – Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)

• 1926 – Sergeant Stubby, decorated World War I dog

• 1930 – Miguel Primo de Rivera, Spanish dictator (b. 1870)

• 1935 – John James Richard Macleod, Scottish-born physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1876)

• 1935 – Aron Nimzowitsch, Latvian-born chess player (b. 1886)

• 1936 – Marguerite Durand, French journalist and feminist (b. 1864)

• 1940 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858)

• 1945 – Börries von Münchhausen, German poet (b. 1874)

• 1955 – Nicolas de Staël, French-Russian painter (b. 1914)

• 1957 – Constantin Brancusi, Romanian sculptor (b. 1876)

• 1961 – Chen Geng, Chinese military leader (b. 1903)

• 1968 – Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (b. 1895)

• 1968 – Gunnar Ekelöf, Swedish poet and writer (b. 1907)

• 1970 – Tammi Terrell, American singer (b. 1946)

• 1971 – Thomas E. Dewey, American presidential candidate (b. 1902)

• 1975 – Richard W. DeKorte, American politician (b. 1936)

• 1975 – T-Bone Walker, American musician (b. 1910)

• 1977 – Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (b. 1917)

• 1979 – Jean Monnet, French politician (b. 1888)

• 1980 – Tamara de Lempicka, Polish-born painter (b. 1898)

• 1983 – Arthur Godfrey, American actor and television host (b. 1903)

• 1983 – Fred Rose, Canadian politician (b. 1907)

• 1984 – John Hoagland, American photographer (b. 1947)

• 1985 – Eddie Shore, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)

• 1992 – Yves Rocard, French physicist (b. 1903)

• 1992 – Roger Lemelin, Quebec novelist and television writer (b. 1919)

• 1993 – Johnny Cymbal, American singer and producer (b. 1945)

• 1996 – Charlie Barnett, American actor (b. 1954)

• 1998 – Derek Harold Richard Barton, British chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1918)

• 1999 – Gratien Gélinas, Quebec playwright and director (b. 1909)

• 2000 – Thomas Ferebee, Hiroshima bombardier (b. 1918)

• 2001 – Norma MacMillan, Canadian actress (b. 1921)

• 2001 – Bob Wollek, French race car driver (b. 1943)

• 2003 – Rachel Corrie, American political activist (b. 1979)

• 2003 – Ronald Ferguson, father of Sarah, Duchess of York (b. 1931)

• 2004 – Vilém Tauský, Czech conductor and composer (b. 1910)

• 2005 – Todd Bell, American football player (b. 1958)

• 2005 – Ralph Erskine, British architect (Byker Wall) (b. 1914)

• 2005 – Anthony George, American TV actor (b. 1921)

• 2005 – Allan Hendrickse, South African politician (b. 1927)

• 2005 – Dick Radatz, American baseball player (b. 1937)

• 2006 – David Feintuch, American sci-fi author (b. 1944)

• 2007 – Manjural Islam, Bangladeshi cricketer (b. 1984)

• 2008 – Bill Brown, Australian cricketer (b. 1912)

• 2008 – Ola Brunkert, Swedish session drummer for ABBA (b. 1946)

• 2008 – Gary Hart, American professional wrestling manager and wrestler (b. 1942)

• 2008 – G. David Low, American astronaut (b. 1956)

• 2008 – John Hewer, Actor famous for portraying Captain Birdseye in British commercials. (b. 1922)

• 2008 – Daniel MacMaster, Canadian singer (Bonham). (b. 1968)

Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast Day

• *Abbán

• *Agapitus

• *Heribert of Cologne

• Latvian Legion Day (Latvia)

• Saint Urho's Day (Finnish community in U.S. and Canada)

• The first day of the Bacchanalia (Roman Empire)